Creating a Webseries: Lay out the rules

mentatDUKE

Veteran
I've been inspired by the discussion on the Zacuto thread. Now that camera technology has basically become commoditized, we need to really shift our discussions to content-based problem solving. So here's a problem I think would be useful to think-tank.

What should we be thinking about when attempting to create a web series?

Why a webseries?
It's a format that is pretty close to TV. It's serial storytelling. I think serial storytelling is a good way to develop characters. Especially an ensemble cast. This is also well-suited to indies, production-wise, due to the fact that one can have some built in redundancy with cast. In an ensemble with multiple central characters, an actor can drop out to take a better paying gig (or be fired). I imagine his or her character can be written out gracefully in a farewell episode, and the focus can shift to other characters. One can also try to shake up the cast, creatively, by introducing and event to force the story to follow a different group of characters.

A webseries also has a better chance at building a "sticky" audience. Since content would be released frequently, they'd keep "following" the work and coming back for more (either weekly or at least semi-weekly.... ok. monthly?). A sticky audience is an easier to monetize audience.

Last reason for a webseries instead of an indie feature - manageable story-scale. Films today have differentiated their product based on spectacle. Effects-driven, event movies rule the megaplexes. And for good reason I suppose. Character-driven drama and comedy have all moved to television and are doing quite well there.
Since indies can't compete with spectacle, why not compete with character? Deep mythology? Long, nuanced character arcs? Yeah. I think we can do that and add in a few visual effects to keep things spicy.

Production Logistics
Ok. So you say you wanna make a webseries. How can one affordably and realistically do so? Would this be easier or harder than the $10,000 indie feature challenge that has been discussed previously?
Well.... that's a good question. A 10k feature, I assume, would be shot in one big sprint. You have your cast and your crew now, and you want to get out of production and into post as soon as possible.
If that's the case, maybe a webseries should be 15-20k (for the 1st season at least). Hey! That's more expensive! Yeah, but you get a longer audience engagement and significantly more content. Since a feature is 90 minutes, you could say that gives you ten 9-minute episodes of a webseries. If you're doing a comedy, I'd say you should shrink that runtime down to maybe 5-minutes. 5-minute episodes would give you almost 20 episodes per season. That's a LOT of content. If you were lucky enough to have a hit, you'd get a lot of repeat audience also. 20-40 weeks worth, depending on how you space it all out.

Then strategically, you could essentially pre-sell season 2 to your core audience through kickstarter. And if not pre-sell, you could at least get partial backing from the less passionate or financially inclined portion of the audience. Or if webseries are just a means to an end for you, why not raise money for a feature based on the series?

So that's the "easy" part. What do you do about cast, crew and locations? Well here's where I think it gets tricky. You'd have two options: be a weekend warrior or just sprint through the whole thing (goodbye PTO for you working stiffs out there). I really think it'd be difficult to weekend warrior a webseries. You'd really have to ask yourself. How many weekends do I need to generate 90 mins of content? Then of course you have to deal with good ol' human fatigue. Cast and crew dropping out and flaking out. Locations falling through, etc. On the other hand - In order to do a sprint, you'd have to pre-write the entire season. No writing or "making it up" as you go like they did on LOST. This could be frustrating. Maybe it'd help to shoot the pilot 1st (15min 3 act pilot?) and take it all the way through post, then see what works and what doesn't. You could then do some reshoots to fix the week areas of the pilot, then write the entire season and shoot it in a sprint.

If you were forced to shoot the series over several months, I suppose there are some ways to mitigate the pitfalls. You could take locations out of the equation by sticking to places that are basically guaranteed to you (for the primary locations), or even just build sets in your back yard or garage. Live in an apartment? Sorry. No building sets unless you have some very patient friends or family that'll let you build at their place.

As far as cast and crew retention goes? Local, passionate cast and crew would be key if doing several, spread out production days. And of course paying them would help immensely. This would be why a webseries is pricier than the 10k challenge. Longer production = more food and pay (and gas money if you're generous).


NEXT: Story Structure
 
Good topic, I'm working on trying to get a project off of the ground.

A webseries also has a better chance at building a "sticky" audience. Since content would be released frequently, they'd keep "following" the work and coming back for more (either weekly or at least semi-weekly.... ok. monthly?). A sticky audience is an easier to monetize audience.

That's a big reason why a lot of books are series, people get invested in characters. You can also approach stories from a variety of angles, play off themes that would take too long to broach in 2 hours, but over a few seasons it isn't an issue.


Then strategically, you could essentially pre-sell season 2 to your core audience through kickstarter. And if not pre-sell, you could at least get partial backing from the less passionate or financially inclined portion of the audience. Or if webseries are just a means to an end for you, why not raise money for a feature based on the series?

Journey Quest did basically this and it worked pretty well. I believe they documented their kickstarter process pretty well if you dig around.

If you did this right and built an audience, you could do the 3/4/5/6 seasons and a movie kind of thing.

So that's the "easy" part. What do you do about cast, crew and locations? Well here's where I think it gets tricky. You'd have two options: be a weekend warrior or just sprint through the whole thing (goodbye PTO for you working stiffs out there). I really think it'd be difficult to weekend warrior a webseries.

I think your best approach is going to be a hybrid. You need to be able to knock out big pieces in a more formal process, but I think to keep a steady stream (ie I don't think 6-12 months between "season" fits the web model well) you will need to pick up additions quickly. The benefit of a series is that you have more characters so you can do that episode where the sidekick goes back home or whatever. Just tie up one person. I guess I would think you would need to bank up a bunch of content and then keep producing in the balance. I would also say that using a webseries gives you the ability to interact with the audience and involve them in the story, changing things etc.

South Korean dramas are often 16-20 episodes played twice per week until conclusion. They occasionally rewrite story lines mid-stream to take into account viewer reactions while the season is in process or add extra episodes, explore favorite side characters, etc.

As far as cast and crew retention goes? Local, passionate cast and crew would be key if doing several, spread out production days. And of course paying them would help immensely. This would be why a webseries is pricier than the 10k challenge. Longer production = more food and pay (and gas money if you're generous).

I think crew retention is going to be your biggest issue, especially if you can't do it all in one blast. That isn't necessarily a weakness. There are styles of shows where this is common, where you might not have any of the same actors each week. If you have a core of dedicated people and a broader set of interested folks that should give you some flexibility play with. Leaning more towards episodic vs. serial may be the ideal way to go

Now if you want to play with the concept of a web series, you can take advantage of the inherint lack of constraints. An idea we were kicking around was some how stitching together a show told through teams in several places, basically distributing the load across a couple of small recreational indies. So if you were doing something like the 2nd Bourne movie as a series, you basically had three teams and they very rarely were on screen together. The agents were in offices / data centers, bourne was running around, and i think the russians were wherever. The henchmen interacted but not the main teams. So you are distributing the load on person resources and you are potentially adding the ability to devote more time to each scene / set of characters.

I don't know, it is out there a little bit, but I was more suggesting that there are all sorts of possibilities to play with while not being in the normal television model.

Did you have any ideas on what kind of story or genre you were going to pursue?
 
I've done one web series. Not very successful mind you, but the fans we did get came back for each episode, and we got some press coverage. Here was the problem, it was all volunteers (we only had 2k for the production from our own pockets), and in our experience this was the big problem.

We had decided to shoot it all first, which was a good idea on our part. It was 80 minutes in total and shot over 14 days, all on weekends. Then we decided to edit it as we went, releasing it once it was done. Since our editor, our sound guy and our composer were all working, despite their passion for the project they had to put paid work ahead of our work. Understandable, but that meant one episode per month, if we were lucky. Needless to say it was difficult to build a fan base like that as people would lose interest.

From my experience, you also have to think about length of your web series. A 3-5 minute piece is much easier to digest, but we went with 10 minute works and I feel that was also one of our downfalls. Even if you think you're talented, it my be best to start with shorter works to first work on your craft and build an audience.

Freddie Wong's new web series is longer than 10 minutes an episode, but he already had a huge fan base, they're very funny, he's obviously talented as a vis FX guy, and they had a budget of 275 k.

Also genre is a big factor. With the internet, again, you have to think of short attention spans. Drama web series rarely do very well. The big successful works tend to be comedies. The guild comes to mind, which IMO is the most successful web series out there.
 
Yeah, I'd agree that the best approach is probably to shoot the whole season at once, aim for 3-5min episodes and put them up at least weekly. I'd get most of them edited first before you start putting them up and if it seems like the series is starting to catch on I'd start shooting season two before season one is done 'airing'. Also, like Jon said, know the audience most likely to follow a web series and target them. I'm not saying you have to do something geek-centric, but it's not a coincidence that The Guild and Freddie Wong both have such great success and both target gamer/internet culture.
 
>Also genre is a big factor. With the internet, again, you have to think of short attention spans.
>Drama web series rarely do very well. The big successful works tend to be comedies.
>The guild comes to mind, which IMO is the most successful web series out there.

Unfortunately the "medium is the message" applies and the choice for distribution determines what content type will be successful. To put it in a nutshell, people falling down and cats seems to the the preferred content. Hopefully that will change once television and internet merge more completely. Hopefully. Until then, for the most part, you can't take a television or feature project and directly port it to web distribution.
 
>Also genre is a big factor. With the internet, again, you have to think of short attention spans.
>Drama web series rarely do very well. The big successful works tend to be comedies.
>The guild comes to mind, which IMO is the most successful web series out there.

Unfortunately the "medium is the message" applies and the choice for distribution determines what content type will be successful. To put it in a nutshell, people falling down and cats seems to the the preferred content. Hopefully that will change once television and internet merge more completely. Hopefully. Until then, for the most part, you can't take a television or feature project and directly port it to web distribution.

I tend to agree. The youtube audience is young and they like special FX (with or without a story), comedy, sci fi, and game related content.

You can watch a bunch of examples of what gets the hits. This one was pretty popular:

 
Good responses all.

Lbsand, yeah I definitely like the idea of being able to write in parallel with audience reaction. It may be an expensive luxury for a webseries though. Unless one simply writes season two while fans are reacting to season one. You won't be able to have a realtime dialog with the audience through the show so to speak, but I think it would be a decent compromise. In fact, how about this: blipverts. The blipverts could be tiny vignettes that are like 30 seconds. Perhaps they could tell backstories and side stories and be produced in a more immediate manner DURING the season's run. They could even spackle over any accidental plot holes that sneak into the narrative. Interesting....

Good logistics suggestions with having multiple units working with different groups of characters/sections of story. It'd be tough to manage, and probably expensive (talk about splitting slices of a small pie), but hey, it's a good idea for season 2 and beyond, assuming you have a hit. Easy to get cooperation from people outside the inner circle once you have a hit...

The genre I want to tackle is well... Genre. Post modern sci-fi action comedy drama. One day man... one day... Money's almost there but still, I'm quite risk averse. I want a win.


Jon Starr, thanks for sharing that. I'd like to check out your web series. 2k? I'm impressed that you still went for it despite having limited funds.
I agree. I think 5 minutes is probably the max length of an episode on the web. I don't think I can say I'm a fan of much done in that format, but it is what it is. This ain't TV (unfortunately).

One episode a month? Ouch. Yeah, I think with something like an indie webseries it's better to finish (at least ther 1st season) completely before starting exhibition. I don't see how one could build an audience otherwise.


adkimery, I agree with everything you just said.


j, your sentiments make sense. And it's frustrating as hell. Maybe things will change in 5 years.


Gillvane, TETHER was interesting and CorridorDigital are geniuses. Heck their Minecraft stuff would work as a webseries methinks.
 
You first need to ID your demographic. I have seen web series do incredibly well, and others just flop. Who is this for? Who is going to see it and want to continue to see it? Who is going to be interested in the overall story? That is one of the hardest things to do. Just saying "everyone is going to want to see it" is not being honest with yourself and the web-series. Because I have yet to see anything that everyone loves.

That is the first step. The next is to figure out how to reach those people FIRST. And if the series is good, and captures the interest of those people, they will tell their friends, and their friends will tell their friends, etc. Marketing outside that demographic should come secondary, because it is "hit or miss". Focus on those people you know would have an interest in this first.

Next, you need to set up deadlines for content to go online. Nothing is more frustrating that get invested into a series and have to wait 6 months for the next episode. I lose interest if after a month or so there is nothing new.

As to crew and cast "flaking"....the same thing goes.....You have to hold their interest too. If you are not paying them, you have to figure out another form of "capital" to pay them with. If you hire people that are genuinely interested in both the genre and story you are presenting....it is easier for you to retain them long term. But if you are not paying them, you can never begrudge someone that has to bow out because of a paid gig. Unfortunately, people have to pay bills. I let projects I am doing free work for know up front, "Look, have a back up. If I get offered a gig that is paying, I have to have a roof over my head and I like eating at least once a day." It's a hard truth. Sometimes, they really are not a flake. They are just trying to survive.

Once you figure out the demographic, find someone that is established in that area to help market your project. Someone without inroads into that area will be like a minnow trying to swim up Niagra Falls. For example: A friend of mine wanted me to help market his LGBT film, and it was actually pretty well shot. But I declined, because I don't have the connections into that community to actually do any good for his film.

Now, on the other hand, an action film........I can be of extreme assistance in marketing it. I am already well established in the different communities that form up that genre. LOL, NOT angling for more on my plate. Seriously. But you see my point? The person marketing your project HAS to be connected into that demographic.

Find a way to cross-connect your web-series. Get involved in other websites and do a "I link you, you link me" thing. If you have sponsors, make sure they talk about your series on their site.

Just a few thoughts.
 
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Story Structure

So what kind of storytelling works best for something like an indie webseries?

Conventional wisdom says that indie features should be horror or action for very specific reasons - an easy/low bar for spectacle and high odds of saleability overseas.

Let's see if we can develop some conventional wisdom for webseries. We aren't necessarily selling spectacle and we aren't really targeting overseas sales. Instead, an indie webseries producer should aim to self-distribute and build a loyal audience. This is done by doing what television does - creating rapport between the audience and the characters. Who needs explosions?

So it's now a question of spectacle based story structure vs character based story structure.
Spectacle based story structure excites the audience on a visceral level (scare them or wow them) and relies on set pieces sprinkled throughout the story every few minutes. This works well for movies, most especially Hollywood tent-poles.
What works for television/webseries? Character based story structure. Typically your central characters are well defined, primarily by their occupation, and the audience enjoys watching their interpersonal relationships unfold (LOST), their handling of moral dilemmas (Breaking Bad), and slow burn character arcs (The Wire/House/Mad Men/Angel/Every awesome show ever created). You can even throw in a "will they or won't they?" love triangle if you're running out of gas.

What can we do with our stories that Hollywood can't or doesn't do?

The occupational-based character dramas on TV are usually cop shows or doctor shows. This has become a bit cliche. The cable shows seem to have veered away from this a bit. We now have 1950s ad execs and middle aged meth dealers. We can learn from this. We can give our characters more interesting backgrounds than cop or doctor. And we can do it cheaper since we won't need hospitals or squad cars.

Also, since we don't necessarilly have to satisfy the four quadrants, and can instead appeal to niche audiences, maybe we can amp things up a bit in the interpersonal relationships area. Why make safe choices in a webseries? This character has a secret crush on this character. This character has unresolved daddy issues. This character accidentally got his best friend killed, etc. We've already seen this stuff. For a webseries to get any attention, it'll have to try something new. The characters don't have to always be "sympathetic".

So how can we out-TV TV? We have 5 minutes to work with so we'll have to become masters of highly compressed storytelling. We'll have to get used to starting our stories in "the middle". We'll need to become really clever at introducing conflict in a complex and believable way, almost to the point of not being able to write our way out of it. That's not necessarily a bad thing. That's called consequences. Let's let our characters get a few black eyes once in a while. They don't always have to ride off into the sunset.

To wrap up, here's what we need: A high concept idea involving interesting characters who do interesting things for a living (or trying to and failing at it). Since our spectacle is the characters, they'll need to be morally complex and they'll always have to be DOING. Passive characters don't belong in any webseries worth a damn. And conflict conflict conflict.

So with this rough formula, how do we do this cheaply at high quality?
 
blipverts, I dig it.

I need to stew on some of this a bit, but at first thought do our "episodes" really exist as one 5 minute chunk or can the conflict carry over? You need to decide if the concept is episodic vs. serial or a blend of both.

I don't disagree that exploring a variety of story ideas is a good idea, however I would caution that there is a reason cliches become cliches. There are only so many basic stories one can tell.

You should definitely be focusing on a niche - it makes it easier to generate an audience.

I would think that the episode structure would be the protagonist of the scene (whether it is the overall story's protag, antag, etc) has a goal to accomplish. The episode should start late, right when there is conflict arising against that goal and it should end at the resolution of the conflict.

I think there is room for creativity on how you stitch the episodes together in a web based format. Can you close gaps between the episodes with other mediums - web comic, short story, fake commercials in your setting, yadda yadda.

Doc's comment about a content schedule is right on. A big part of Freddie Wong's success is that they posted an entertaining video every week for 2 years.


Is there a web series that you have enjoyed and would place as the benchmarK?


What is the definition of success?
 
I honestly haven't really seen a webseries that has satisfied me in the ways described above. I think there are certain people that COULD pull it off, but it's quite difficult and i haven't seen it done at this scale before.
 
I think the film language to keep someone hooked on a web series hasn't really been developed yet.

What i do think works is hitting stride with a niche - especially if it isnt over-served with video content already. Also using already existing internet stars or memes can work as well.

Just doing a web series and uploading it usually isn't enough. You have to somehow hit the people or web sites that will help carry the word around.

It also helps to target an audience that is actually online all the time - like MMO game players.
 
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